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8月23日 我的文化消费研究笔记(三)——修改更新版!!後鄭也夫時代的來臨?
“儘管中國的義務教育、醫療保障甚至跟不上很多發展中國家,中國的基尼係數是世界倒數前幾位,中國的消費,特別是富人的消費,已同世界接軌。因此中國的消費呈現出最大的荒誕。與此對照,中國職業學者的隊伍也愈加龐大,卻鮮有對此深入研究的人士”。 ——鄭也夫
很巧,最近的兩期《南方周末》(5月17日,6月28日)在“閱讀與寫作”版面連載了國內大名鼎鼎的北京大學社會系的鄭也夫教授題爲《解密消費的歷程》的兩篇書評。從文中得知,鄭教授大概是有一本名爲《後物欲時代的來臨》的新作剛剛經由上海人民出版社出版。這兩篇小文章於是一舉兩得,一方面告知公衆他自己和另外幾位學者的新書面世,同時也爲對“消費”感興趣的人士提供了一個必讀書目。鄭教授不愧是大學者,不但自己辛勤工作出了書,還不忘關心社會大衆的知識狀態,言辭懇切,催人奮進。
可能是我從一個比較職業的角度感興趣文化消費(具體說,公共媒體消費),我倒是對鄭教授的這兩篇小文章感到有些反應不適,用英文來說就是感到有些overwhelmed。Overwhelmed意思就是說,因爲某種外部環境過於宏大、亢奮、激烈或者深刻,而造成心理一時無法承受。當然,我如今因爲在英國念博士,把自己搞得神經兮兮、半瘋半傻,吹毛求疵,所以我要聲明,對鄭教授文章的不適問題基本出在我自己身上。總的來說,我對鄭教授的文章有三點感想。
其一,於對“消費”的詮釋。大概是因爲鄭教授既是大學社會學教授又是公共知識份子的原因,他涉及的“消費”話題可謂無所不包,無所不有,從食品消費到視覺盛宴,從蕭伯納、凱恩斯到Baudrillard,從美學心理學到經濟學政治學,真是蔚爲大觀。我是積極推崇社會分工專業化的,我覺得細化的社會分工雖然從某種程度會限制我們思維的拓展,但是絕對可以讓我們仔細入微地觀察社會,並且更加理智有效地運用知識,從而革新科技。鄭教授固然博學多才,飽讀經典,但似乎有些過於宏觀抽象。我不清楚哪些讀者會對“消費”問題有如此廣泛的興趣,即便是有人感興趣而且經濟富裕到可以從四面八方找來這麽些書讀,讀完之後也未必會有什麽明瞭的心得吧。鄭教授還在文章中對“職業學者隊伍”深刻寄語。對此,我更是覺得有些茫然。我博士研究作90年代中後期以來中國大陸古代歷史題材電視劇的觀衆研究,屬於媒體文化消費,我所涉及的主要文獻當然是要緊緊圍繞媒體與社會的關係問題。鄭教授提到的衆人當中我常常借鑒思想的大概只有剛剛辭世的法國人布西亞,他關於消費社會的研究從實到虛,極有建樹。至於其他人,當然都值得認真研讀,但是並非對我所研究的“媒體文化消費”有直接的解釋力。而對於鄭教授類似“齊美爾是最早研究消費的思想家之一,而其學術地位不是凡勃倫能比肩的”這樣的評斷,我認爲值得商榷和降溫。
其二,於對“消費”的批判。在現今英國的媒體文化科系的課堂上,老師凡是講道“媒體消費”或者“電視消費”(media consumption/television consumption),一定會把德國音樂愛好者、法蘭克福學派的代表人物 Theodore Adorno(西奧多.阿多諾)和英國伯明罕文化學派頗有爭議、後來去到美國Wisconsin-Madison大學任教的教授John Fiske (約翰. 費斯克)相提並論,因爲他們對於“大衆文化消費”持有截然不同的觀點。衆所周知,這位德國猶太人阿多諾對大衆文化深惡痛絕,稱大衆文化的生産和消費機制同納粹統治一脈相承,他直言大衆文化的盛行將人性異化,完全是由於啓蒙思想造成的一場騙局。至於他日後到了美國跟哥倫比亞學派拉紮斯菲爾德等人因爲學術觀點不合,而翻臉甚至大打出手,更是成爲一段歐美文化界不斷提及的史話。同阿多諾不同,英國出生的費斯克教授醉心于“消費者”的自由王國,這在他的《通俗文化讀本》和《電視文化讀本》當中有充分的討論。他從美國人天天穿的牛仔褲說起,強調大衆文化是一個充滿抵抗、商榷和鬥爭的場所,作爲消費者的觀衆雖然身處壁壘深嚴的社會政經脈絡當中,但仍然有獲得“文化民主”的機會和能力。他對所謂的後現代主義文化持有頗爲保守而正面的批判態度,他同他的英國好友,現在澳洲的教授John Hartley(約翰.哈特利)聯合撰寫著作,高聲提醒爲大衆文化霸權擔憂的人士要認真面對消費者的主動性。
還是回到鄭也夫教授的文章。鄭教授對於中國當前的所謂消費主義無疑是擔憂的。他引來階級分析、進化論觀點、心理解剖和道德批判表達了他對於“中國消費”這場最大的“荒誕”表演的負面立場,這同阿多諾的工具理性批判非常類似。我本人對於所謂的工具理性批判不想做什麽評說,但是我對“中國的消費主義”這個話語不太認同。我承認從經濟的指數上來看,中國的消費一定火爆,但是我們一定要看到這個火爆後面的一些細微機理。譬如,還是有很多的社會群體是在堅持理性消費或者儘量實踐理性消費的,同時,很多收入微薄、生活艱辛的人離“消費主義”隔有十萬八千里。我認爲,我們要客觀深入地看待“消費”這個社會行爲,更要慎重使用“物欲”、“貪婪”、“無快樂”這些過於精英化的字眼。對於來自剛剛達到中等經濟狀況家庭的我,這些字眼看上去實在很奇怪!當然,我並不要完全站在費斯克和哈特利的立場上來看待消費,特別是文化消費。我覺得要對於消費有社會化和歷史化的認識。我特別欣賞英國著名媒體政治經濟學者Nicholas Garnham(尼科拉斯.加姆漢)在他從西敏寺大學退休前的最後一本書《媒體、現代性和逃亡:社會和媒體理論》裏的一個觀點。他說,“我認爲,看待觀衆並不是要看他是主動還是被動,而是要看媒體激發了觀衆怎樣的社會想象和行爲,促成了觀衆怎樣的認同”。加姆漢的媒體社會觀點對我啓發非常大。於是,我更願意把媒體産業製造的環境看成社會的文化資源,我們每個人都無法從這些資源當中抽身出來,我們大家都身處文化當中。這種資源既可能是公共的,也有可能是私人的,而探尋這些資源的製造、創新和消費的過程非常有意思。轉言之,“消費”本身無過錯,“消費”的過程宛如寶石加工,有的能工巧匠成全的寶石雖然精美,但很脆弱,有的雖貌不驚人,但是堅固耐磨,永遠留傳。
其三,對於“消費”的研究。鄭教授在第二篇文章的最後,意味深長地說:“與此(荒誕的消費)對照,中國職業學者的隊伍也愈加龐大,卻鮮有對此深入研究的人士”。我通過其他途徑瞭解到,鄭教授是90年代以後國內集中討論知識份子角色的學者,因此,我對他以此爲總結也就不感奇怪了。鄭教授的心情我能理解,可是這種恨鐵不成鋼的表達我不敢苟同。健康的學術研究要有研究人員真心實意的好奇心和個人興趣,其次還要有良好的研究訓練和不斷推進的學術視角。“消費”在中國固然熱門,但是如果研究者自身沒有準備好,更沒有認真的投入精力和金錢,又怎麽會有“深入的研究”出現呢?我認爲,學術研究應該是現代社會最後一個結合理想和理性的職業。如果我們爲了平復某種社會亂象給自己帶來的惶恐而在書房裏獨自奮筆疾書,卻美其名曰“研究成果”,我看還不如到大自然裏面走走,看看那些自然生態的此消彼長,這樣既省心,更省紙、省錢。
最後,一言以蔽之,我認爲,後鄭也夫時代會來臨,而且也是必須要來臨的!
8月17日 The Derridean moment has comeAll of a sudden, the Derridean moment came to me again.
So ironic that I would consider it a Derridean moment in the first place!
I feel forced to burn out all my Goddamn writings and readings immediately.
The excess of everything is sure to cause huge emptiness.
Behind all the thoughts is only void.
I can’t believe I still can write.
Can’t believe I am still writing.
Stop it! Shut up! you stupid people! 8月6日 Writing ‘in’ DiasporaRey Chow, in her book ‘Writing Diaspora’, expresses her great joy and freedom in writing about the modern Chinese literature in English in the West. As a Hong-Kong-born Chinese growing up and educated in the U.S., Chow presents us a perfect example of how one’s cultural roots can be rearticulated (and maybe reinforced) through the medium of another linguistic system (in her case, it is the English language). Gao Xingjian, the author of the Nobel Prize awarded novel ‘Spiritual Mountain’ (lingshan), has spent most of his career as a writer in French since he left Mainland China for France in the early 1980s. In describing his personal experience as an ‘exile Chinese writer’, he says quite frankly that only in the exile literature can a writer achieve his goal of gaining a sense of cultural belonging in a purely apolitical way.
As a Chinese compatriot doing a social philosophy Ph.D. in the UK, I always encounter the dilemma in which analytical capability is somewhat held back by a loss of equivalence in meanings between languages. A particular language, as a referential system, is not only a product of sound and human cognition, but also a set of consequences of social, political and historical processes. For example, the word ‘spirit’ in the English language should be properly understood in a wider Anglo-Saxon social linguistic system rather than simply grasping its face meaning. This phenomenon of linguistic difference among languages thus prompts the very functional issue in writing in a foreign language: to discuss things of A culture in the language of B culture is to problematize the linguistic formation process of A culture as well as provide a comparative perspective for re-interpreting both A and B culture? (what I mean by culture here is mainly referring to a set of conventions and daily practices shared by a national community).
Take my research object as a very convincing example. As I am conducting a sociological study in the reception of historical dramas on Chinese television since the mid-1990s, the very concept of ‘historical drama’ becomes the core issue in question. The use of the concept, however, cannot be equally applied to the two social contexts: in Britain, ‘historical drama’ refers to a rather serious television genre that is based on historical facts and representations, whereas in the Chinese context, almost like an umbrella term, ‘historical drama’ involves a broad category of television dramas that are associated with ‘the historical’ from all aspects: costumes, martial arts, settings and etc. So the particular genre I am looking at should be specified as ‘ television serious costume historical drama’ (dianshi guzhuang lishi zhengju), which sounds really confusing in English. What makes the whole thing confusing, as I would argue, is the fact that ‘the historical’ is treated quite differently in the popular culture within these two societies. Underlying this ‘cultural difference’ is two kinds of cultural industry mechanisms sustained by different political, economical and ethical forces. As far as my research project is concerned, even though I am focused on ‘the more serious’ historical dramas, it would be naïve to neglect the blurring boundary between those serious and non-serious ones at a time when de-regulation and neo-liberalism forces are being shaped in the Chinese society. Also, the great challenges of those non-serious historical representations posed for those serious ones should be taken into account. Up to this point, I have to admit that this development of arguments and counter-arguments is attributed to my practice of conducting research in diaspora. |
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